If you have been reading about nasal drops and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-12-03. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Published research covers ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cognitive impairment, optic nerve conditions and attention-related measures. Much of the human evidence comes from small trials conducted in one country, which limits how far the results generalize. Animal models supply the larger share of the data, and effects seen in rodents do not transfer automatically to people. Reviews have noted that methodological reporting is often incomplete, making it difficult to pool results or compare treatment schedules across studies.
Pharmacokinetic accounts emphasize rapid breakdown. After intravenous dosing the intact peptide disappears from blood within minutes, and nasal delivery produces low but measurable concentrations. Metabolites rather than the parent molecule may account for part of the observed activity, although the relative contribution is unresolved. Dosing in the literature varies widely and no optimal schedule has been agreed. These gaps are regularly cited as a reason the findings have not produced broad clinical adoption beyond the original research setting.
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Primary research models | Rodent studies | Largest share of published data |
| Reported markers | BDNF and NGF expression | Measured mainly in animal tissue |
| Common administration | Intranasal | Matches the registered formulation |
| Blood residence time | Minutes | Rapid enzymatic degradation |
| Evidence quality | Small trials, limited replication | Noted repeatedly in reviews |
Identity and purity are established with standard peptide methods. Reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection near 214 nm resolves the parent peak from deletion and truncation byproducts, and reports typically quote a main-peak percentage. Mass spectrometry by electrospray or MALDI-TOF confirms the expected molecular mass, while amino acid analysis or peptide mapping can verify composition when the sequence itself is in question. A certificate of analysis that pairs a chromatogram with a mass spectrum is more informative than a purity figure alone. Counter-ion content and residual solvents are separate specifications and are frequently omitted.
Semax is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder, and that form is the most stable. Suppliers commonly recommend storage at -20 °C in a desiccated container protected from light, with short-term handling at room temperature limited to weighing and transfer. Powder that has absorbed moisture degrades faster, so vials should be warmed to ambient temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the contents. Hygroscopic behavior is typical of short hydrophilic peptides, and humidity control matters more than temperature alone for long-term retention.
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
Semax is a synthetic peptide created in the Soviet Union during the early 1980s by researchers working in Moscow. It was built from the short adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment known as ACTH(4-10), and the chain was then extended with three additional amino acids. The resulting molecule was named semax and entered clinical use in Russia in 1994. It is generally described as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent rather than as a hormone analogue.
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
常规纯度与身份确认依赖反相高效液相色谱，并辅以质谱测定分子量。氨基酸组成分析可用于验证序列构成，肽图分析则能进一步定位修饰或降解产物。杂质谱通常关注缺失序列肽、截短片段和氧化产物。不同方法的检出限并不相同，因此各实验室报告的纯度数值不宜直接横向比较。
多数实验室与市售的 Semax 以冻干粉形式提供。冻干粉通常建议保存在 -20 °C 或更低温度下，同时避免光照与反复升温。短期运输有时采用冷藏条件，但长期保存仍以冷冻为主。分包操作应尽量减少开盖次数，以降低吸湿和微生物污染的风险。开封后若未一次用完，建议在干燥环境中密封并尽快放回低温储存。
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
=== Trademark lawsuit against Nike === In July 2026, 7-Eleven filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against Nike, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, seeking to block the release of a new Nike Air Max 95 "Big Bubble" sneaker. The complaint alleged that the shoe's colorway imitated, in a "confusingly similar" manner, the orange, green, and red color combination of the 7-Eleven logo, which the company has used commercially since the 1980s and for which it holds multiple federal trademark registrations. 7-Eleven argued that the design could mislead consumers into believing that Nike had a partnership or collaboration with the company, noting that some product listings and media outlets had referred to the sneaker as the "7-Eleven" shoe or described it as "7-Eleven-inspired". The complaint also pointed to the shoe's planned release date of July 11, which coincides with the company's annual "7-Eleven Day" promotion, as evidence of deliberate association. 7-Eleven asked the court for a permanent injunction barring the sale and promotion of the shoe, a recall and destruction of existing inventory, disgorgement of profits, and damages. According to federal court records, Nike was served with the complaint on July 6, 2026; a hearing date had not yet been scheduled.
For their launch into space, there is today an unused superpower rocket, Energia, which is the most powerful in the world. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built the Mir orbital station. It was built on the construction of Salyut stations and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks. Mir was the only orbital station in operation from 1986 to 1998. Gradually, other modules were added to it, including American modules. However, the station deteriorated rapidly after a fire on board and was deorbited in 2001, burning up in the Earth's atmosphere.
==== United Kingdom ==== From October 2011 as part of the Modernising Scientific Careers scheme, the route to accreditation as a medical physicist in England and Wales is provided by the Scientist Training Programme (STP). This scheme is a three-year graduate program provided by the National School of Healthcare Science. Entrants are required to have an undergraduate degree (first or upper second class honours) in an appropriate physical science prior to this three-year graduate program. The STP involves a part-time MSc in Medical Physics (provided by either King's College London, University of Liverpool or Newcastle University) in addition to practical training within the National Health Service. Assessment is provided by the completion of competencies and by a final assessment similar to the OSCE undertaken by other clinical staff. Completion of the STP leads to accreditation by the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) and registration as a Clinical Scientist with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). Prior to 2011 the training route in the United Kingdom was administered in two parts, and this scheme is still used in Scotland (known as the Scottish Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering Training Scheme (SMPCETS)). Part I involves limited clinical experience and a full-time MSc in medical physics. Part II involves exclusively clinical experience in which the candidate would produce a portfolio of experience and submit to the Academy for Healthcare Science which (in addition to a viva) would lead to professional accreditation by IPEM.
== Early life and education == 1989 Moscow Engineering Physics Institute - M.S. Molecular Physics 1993 Moscow Engineering Physics Institute - Ph.D. Physics and Mathematics 1994-1996 Warwick University - Postdoctoral Appointment
== Mechanism of action == Sodium hyaluronate functions as a tissue lubricant and is thought to play an important role in modulating the interactions between adjacent tissues. It forms a viscoelastic solution in water. Mechanical protection for tissues (iris, retina) and cell layers (corneal, endothelium, and epithelium) are provided by the high viscosity of the solution. Elasticity of the solution assists in absorbing mechanical stress and providing a protective buffer for tissues. In facilitating wound healing, it is thought that it acts as a protective transport vehicle, taking peptide growth factors and other structural proteins to a site of action. It is then enzymatically degraded and active proteins are released to promote tissue repair.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The British Indian Army fed its soldiers according to religious and caste sensitivities. Each company was assigned two cooks who would be of the proper religion and caste to ensure that food would be prepared in the correct way. Soldiers were also provided with stackable cooking pots to prepare their own meals, which was particularly important to high-caste Brahmin soldiers who had to prepare their own food to preserve their status. Indian soldiers were issued foods such as dehydrated lentils, vegetables, fruit, meat, fish, and marmite. They usually ate their meals in the form of a curry, which would be seasoned with various powdered spices. Curries would typically be eaten with roti flatbreads. Indian soldiers also foraged for foods such as fresh poultry, fish, and eggs whenever possible. Chocolate bars fortified with vitamins were issued as an emergency ration suitable for any Indian regardless of caste. Indian troops were also issued with 24-hour operational rations incorporating biscuits, chocolate, cheese, sardines, sugar, milk powder, tea, and salt, and eight-man composite rations incorporating tins of mutton. Red Army soldiers received rye bread, potatoes, vegetables, pasta, meat, and fish (in order of quantity). The Chinese Second United Front had ample food supplies, but food was strained after 1940, when food panics and requirements for peasants to feed Chinese soldiers led to agricultural failures and severe inflation.
Droplet-based microfluidics manipulate discrete volumes of fluids in immiscible phases with low Reynolds number (<< 2300) and laminar flow regimes. An early example for using droplet-based microfluidics was a flow-through chip reactor for miniaturized PCR. Interest in droplet-based microfluidics systems has been growing substantially in past decades. Microdroplets offer the feasibility of handling miniature volumes (μL to fL) of fluids conveniently, provide better mixing, encapsulation, sorting, sensing and are suitable for high throughput experiments. Two immiscible phases used for the droplet based systems are referred to as the continuous phase (medium in which droplets flow) and dispersed phase (the droplet phase), resulting in either water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion droplets.
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== External links == Rudra MN, Chowdhury LM (30 September 1950). "Methionine Content of Cereals and Legumes". Nature. 166 (568): 568. Bibcode:1950Natur.166..568R. doi:10.1038/166568a0. PMID 14780151. S2CID 3026278.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The main proposal is modulation of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, supported largely by animal experiments. Receptor-level targets have not been firmly established. Most reviews describe the mechanism as only partially characterized.
The compound is registered as a medicine in Russia, so clinical work has concentrated there. Trials elsewhere are few and generally small. This geographic concentration is a recognized limitation in evidence reviews.
Some fraction may reach the central nervous system through olfactory pathways, and this is often cited as the rationale for the nasal route. The size of that fraction in humans is not well quantified. Blood concentrations after nasal dosing are low, which complicates measurement.
It is a synthetic peptide of seven amino acids. Its backbone corresponds to a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone extended at the carboxyl end. The material is distributed as a lyophilized solid for laboratory use.